Factors of Cultural Change
There are two big factors that influence the form of cultural change as posted a few days ago, namely internal (external) factors or external (external) factors. Internal factors include discovery, invention, innovation and enculturation, while for factors that come from outside include diffusion, acculturation, penetration, assimilation, invasion, hybridization.
A. Internal (internal) factors
Discovery is an invention of a new element of culture, whether in the form of a new tool, or in the form of a new idea created by an individual. Or it could also be said as a series of creations from individuals in the community concerned. Examples of new discoveries for discovery factors for example; cars, motorbikes, cellphones, tablets and so on.
Invention (invention) is the recognition, acceptance and application of a society for new discoveries (discovery). This is because to prove that an individual has found a new need not only one individual or inventor / creator, but there must be sequences from the creator or inventor of the new thing. The discovery of a car for example, was a series of discoveries from gas motors in 1875 to the shape of a car that could be used as a means of transportation in 1911.
Innovation occurs when the results of the new invention, such as a car, are adapted to the needs of the community as a means of transportation, while the community must also adapt to the needs of a car, for example a driver, gasoline, diesel, workshops, auto parts, mechanic, highway and so on. The motivation or motivation that causes individuals to look for new discoveries is:
- Awareness of deficiencies in culture
- Quality of experts in a culture
- A stimulus for new creations
This enculturation or "civilization" process occurs when an individual learns and adapts his mind and attitude to the system of norms and rules that live in his culture. So since an individual was still small, the enculturation process had begun in his mind. Starting from his family (education, affection and so on), then proceed to friends in the game. Often he learns to imitate various kinds of actions, after feelings and cultural values that motivate the act of imitation have been internalized in his personality. By repeatedly imitating his actions become a fixed pattern, and the norms that govern his actions are "cultivated"
B. External Factors (external)
Diffusion is a process of disseminating cultural elements from individuals to other individuals, and from one community to another, from nation to nation. There are two types of diffusion, namely intra-society diffusion and inter-society diffusion. (Will be explained in detail in the next post)
Acculturation or culture contract is about social processes that arise when a group of people with a certain culture is confronted with elements from a foreign culture that will gradually be accepted and processed into their own culture without losing the cultural personality itself. (for full details will be discussed in the next post).
Assimilation is a process that arises when groups of people with different cultural backgrounds interact with each other directly intensively and continuously for long periods of time so that the cultures of these groups, each of which changes its characteristic and element each culture changes its form into elements of mixed culture.
Penetration is the entry of elements of foreign culture from outside to an area. The entry of elements of foreign culture can occur peacefully (penetration pacifique) or by force.
Invasion is an attack from a country or nation to another country or nation that aims to occupy an area belonging to another nation or country with the intention of carrying out occupation of the nation it conquers by eliminating or minimizing the culture of a nation.
Hybridization is a mixed marriage between different groups of human races, which produce concurrent physical features, which are caused by the same racial component. Hybridization can occur in line with the migration of human groups, for example in advanced hunting times (Mesolithic times). In this advanced hunting period, not only are there restrictions "inces" (marriage between family members of blood), but it is suspected that in many cases exogami or marriages have taken place outside the clan. For example, a mix between the Melanesoide, Europaeide and Mongoleide Papuan races which produced Austronesian peoples (the ancestors of the Indonesian people) in Southeast Asia.
Those are 2 big factors that come from within and from outside that influence culture change.
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